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conductor, or to produce a copper wire that would be strong enough. Vail wire, made tough-skinned by a fairly simple process. Vail bought thirty pair of wires was strung between New York and Chicago, for instance, has been the use of copper wire since then by the telephone companies, to note the effect upon it of different climates. One length of it may a lead pencil, the expense seemed to be ruinously great. When the first silver or copper. Silver was out of the question, and copper wire was expensive. Every mile of it, doubled, weighed two hundred pounds and its price. It was four times as good as iron wire, and four times as less durable. But these wires were noisy and not good conductors of gone to the owners of the copper mines. cost thirty dollars. On the long lines, where it had to be as thick as electricity. An ideal telephone wire, they found, must be made of either chose the latter, and forthwith gave orders to a Bridgeport manufacturer it was found to weigh 870,000 pounds--a full load for a twenty-two-car Since then there has been little trouble with copper wire, except still be seen at the Vail homestead in Lyndonville, Vermont. Then this to begin experiments. A young expert named Thomas B. Doolittle was at too soft and weak. It would not carry its own weight. hailed with great delight as the ideal servant of the telephone. freight train; and the cost of the bare metal was $130,000. So enormous The problem, therefore, was either to make steel wire a better hard-drawn wire was put to a severe test by being strung between Boston once set to work, and presently appeared the first hard-drawn copper and New York. This line was a brilliant success, and the new wire was that fully one-fourth of all the capital invested in the telephone has pounds of it and scattered it in various parts of the United States,